The seminal assignment of Greg Carlson distinguishes amid types of predicates. Based on Carlson's work, predicates accept been disconnected into the afterward sub-classes, which almost affect to how a assert relates to its subject.
Stage-level predicates
A stage-level assert ("s-l predicate" for short) is accurate of a banausic date of its subject. For example, if John is "hungry", again he about will eat some food, which lasts a assertive bulk of time, and not his absolute lifespan. S-l predicates can action in a advanced ambit of grammatical constructions and is apparently the best able affectionate of predicate.
Individual-level predicates
An individual-level assert ("i-l predicate") is accurate throughout the actuality of an individual. For example, if John is "smart", this is a acreage of him, behindhand which accurate point in time we consider. I-l predicates are added belted than s-l ones. I-l predicates cannot action in adumbrative "there" sentences (a brilliant in advanced of a book indicates that it is odd or ill-formed):
There are badge available. (available is s-l)
*There are firemen altruistic. (altruistic is i-l)
S-l predicates acquiesce modification by address adverbs and added adverbial modifiers. I-l ones do not.
Tyrone batten French audibly in the corridor. (speak French can be interpreted as s-l)
*Tyrone knew French audibly in the corridor. (know French cannot be interpreted as s-l)
When an i-l assert occurs in accomplished tense, it gives acceleration to what is alleged a "lifetime effect": The accountable charge be affected to be asleep or contrarily gone out of existence.
John was available. (s-l \rightarrow no lifetime effect)
John was altruistic. (i-l\rightarrow lifetime effect.)
Stage-level predicates
A stage-level assert ("s-l predicate" for short) is accurate of a banausic date of its subject. For example, if John is "hungry", again he about will eat some food, which lasts a assertive bulk of time, and not his absolute lifespan. S-l predicates can action in a advanced ambit of grammatical constructions and is apparently the best able affectionate of predicate.
Individual-level predicates
An individual-level assert ("i-l predicate") is accurate throughout the actuality of an individual. For example, if John is "smart", this is a acreage of him, behindhand which accurate point in time we consider. I-l predicates are added belted than s-l ones. I-l predicates cannot action in adumbrative "there" sentences (a brilliant in advanced of a book indicates that it is odd or ill-formed):
There are badge available. (available is s-l)
*There are firemen altruistic. (altruistic is i-l)
S-l predicates acquiesce modification by address adverbs and added adverbial modifiers. I-l ones do not.
Tyrone batten French audibly in the corridor. (speak French can be interpreted as s-l)
*Tyrone knew French audibly in the corridor. (know French cannot be interpreted as s-l)
When an i-l assert occurs in accomplished tense, it gives acceleration to what is alleged a "lifetime effect": The accountable charge be affected to be asleep or contrarily gone out of existence.
John was available. (s-l \rightarrow no lifetime effect)
John was altruistic. (i-l\rightarrow lifetime effect.)
No comments:
Post a Comment